The Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Red Chili Plants
Keywords:
growth; horticulture
Abstract
Red chili is one of the commodity crops grown in Indonesia. One of the factors that affect the production of red chili plants is fertilization. The application of organic fertilizer affects the yield and growth of red chili plants. This study aims to determine the response of the growth and development of red chili plants to the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers combined with biochar. This study was carried out at the Experimental Garden of the Local Waste Processing Site in Kusamba Village, Klungkung Regency, and the Laboratory of the Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture Warmadewa University from March to November 2021. Soil and fertilizer testing were carried out at the Soil Science Laboratory, Udayana University. The study used an experimental method, the experimental design used was a one-factor randomized block design with 4 replications/block. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight per plant, and fruit weight harvested per hectare. Based on the data obtained, the type of fertilizer treatment had a very significant effect on all observed variables except for plant height at 21 DAP per plant, the number of leaves at 21 DAP per plant, and the number of leaves at 28 DAP per plant had a significant effect on the treatment given. The application of NPK fertilizer gave the best results on all parameters except for the stem diameter parameter. On the stem diameter parameter, the application of asri nature fertilizers gives the best result. Control treatment (without fertilizer) gave the lowest yield in all observations.
References
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[13] Chatterjee, D., Dutta, S. K., Kikon, Z. J., Kuotsu, R., Sarkar, D., Satapathy, B. S., & Deka, B. C. (2021). Recycling of agricultural wastes to vermicomposts: Characterization and application for clean and quality production of green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Cleaner Production, 315(June), 128115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128115.
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[15] Khalid, K. A., & A.M., S. (2005). Productivity of Dill (Anethum Graveolens L.) As Influenced By Different Organic Manure Rates and Sources. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13(3), 901–913. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2005.15330.
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[17] Duman, İ., Aksoy, U., Altındişli, A., & Elmacı, L. (2018). A long-term trial to determine variations in the yield and quality of a processing type pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yalova yağlık-28) in organic and conventional farming systems. Organic Agriculture, 8(1), 69–77.
[18] Reddy, G. C., Venkatachalapathi, V., Reddy, G. P. D., & Hebbar, S. S. (2017). Study of different organic manure combination on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum Annum L.). Plant Archives, 17(1), 472–474.
[19] Eo, J., & Park, K. C. (2016). Long-term effects of imbalanced fertilization on the composition and diversity of soil bacterial community. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 231, 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.039.
[20] International Biochar Initiative. (2012). What is Biochar? www.biochar-international. Org.
[21] Atkinson, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. D., & Hipps, N. A. (2010). Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: A review. Plant and Soil, 337(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5.
[22] Situmeang, Y. P., Sudita, I. D. N., & Suarta, M. (2019). Manure utilization from cows, goats, and chickens as compost, biochar, and poschar in increasing the red chili yield. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9(6), 2088–2095. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.9.6.10345.
[23] Bicikliski, O., Trajkova, F., & Mihajlov, L. (2018). Morphological Characteristics of Some Pepper Genotypes (Capsicum annum L.) Grown in Conventional and Organic Agricultural Systems: Comparative Analysis. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 28(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2018/43308.
[24] Nair, K. P. (2019). Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management. Intelligent Soil Management for Sustainable Agriculture, 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15530-8_17.
[25] Agegnehu, G., & Amede, T. (2017). Integrated Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrient Management in Tropical Agro-Ecosystems: A Review. Pedosphere, 27(4), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60382-5.
[26] Ganeshamurthy, A. N., Kalaivanan, D., and, G. S. & Panneerselvam, P. (2015). Nutrient Management in Horticultural Crops. Indian Journal of Fertilisers, 11(12), 30–42.
[27] Yousaf, M., Li, J., Lu, J., Ren, T., Cong, R., Fahad, S., & Li, X. (2017). Effects of fertilization on crop production and nutrient-supplying capacity under rice-oilseed rape rotation system. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01412-0.
[28] Lehmann, J., Silva Jr, J. P., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W., & Glaser, B. (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol. Plant and Soil, 249, 343–357.
[29] Janaki, D. (2018). Effect of organic source of fertilizers along with inorganic on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. PKM 1. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 13(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.15740/has/tajh/13.1/28-31.
[30] Anugrah, R. D., Rafvenia, Meitiyani, & Safahi, L. (2021). The effect of eggshell organic fertilizer on vegetative growth of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 755(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/755/1/012001.
[31] El Kinany, S., Achbani, E., Faggroud, M., Ouahmane, L., El Hilali, R., Haggoud, A., & Bouamri, R. (2019). Effect of organic fertilizer and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of micropropagated date palm cv. Feggouss. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18(4), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.01.004.
[32] Rekha, G. S., Kaleena, P. K., Elumalai, D., Srikumaran, M. P., & Maheswari, V. N. (2018). Effects of vermicompost and plant growth enhancers on the exo-morphological features of Capsicum annum (Linn.) Hepper. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 7(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-017-0191-5.
[33] Vlahova, V., Popov, V., Boteva, H., Zlatev, Z., & Cholakov, D. (2014). Influence of biofertilisers on the vegetative growth, mineral content and physiological parameters of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated under organic agriculture conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 13(4), 199–216.
[34] Moneruzzaman Khandaker, M., Rohani, F., Dalorima, T., & Mat, N. (2017). Effects of Different Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Capsicum Annuum L. Var. Kulai (Red Chilli Kulai). Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(1), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2434.
[35] Arthanawa, I. G. N., Astiko, I. N., Yana, D. P. S., Darmawan, I. K., Situmeang, Y. P., & Sudita, I. D. N. (2021). Utilization of Biofloc System Catfish Pond Waste Nutrients in the Cultivation of Kale, Spinach, Pakcoy, and Lettuce Using the Aquaponic System. SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science), 5(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.22225/seas.5.1.3304.66-71.
[36] Lodhi, A. S., Kaushal, A., & Singh, K. G. (2014). Impact of irrigation regimes on growth, yield and water use efficiency of sweet pepper. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 7(6), 790–794. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2014/v7i6.2.
[37] Armaini, A., Yuhry, E., & Sahyoga, G. (2007). Aplikasi Berbagai Kosentrasi Pupuk Plant Catalyst 2006 dan Gibberellin pada Tananman Toman. In Jurnal Sagu (Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 15–19).
[38] Kaimuddin, Dermawan, R., Rahman, A. R., Syam’Un, E., Dungga, N. E., Yanti, C. W. B., & Mulawarman, A. (2020). Response of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) to bioslurry fertilization and enrichment of Trichoderma asperellum on planting media. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 486(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/486/1/012115.
[39] Prasetyo, R. (2014). Pemanfaatan Berbagai Sumber Pupuk Kandang sebagai Sumber N dalam Budidaya Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.) di Tanah Berpasir. Planta Tropika: Journal of Agro Science, 2(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.18196/pt.2014.032.125-132.
[40] Singh, C. kishor, John, S. A., & Jaiswal, D. (2014). Effect of organics on growth, yield and biochemical parameters of chilli (Capsicum annum L.). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(7), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-07722732.
[2] Yulian, A., HS, S. R., & Alce, N. (2019). Analisis Kompos Sampah Organik dan Aplikasinya Terhadap Anakan Gaharu. EnviroScienteae, 15(2), 263–270.
[3] Muliarta, N. I., & Darmawan, I. K. (2021). Processing Household Organic Waste into Eco-Enzyme as an Effort to Realize Zero Waste. Master of Agricultural Science Warmadewa University, 1(1), 13–18.
[4] Hossain, M. Z., Fragstein, P. Von, Niemsdorff, P. Von, & Heß, J. (2017). Effect of Different Organic Wastes on Soil Properties and Plant Growth and Yield: A Review. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48(4), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1515/sab-2017-0030.
[5] Iqbal, S., Inam, A., Inam, A., Ashfaque, F., & Sahay, S. (2017). Potassium and wastewater interaction in the regulation of photosynthetic capacity, ascorbic acid, and capsaicin in chili (Capsicum annum L.) plant. Agricultural Water Management, 184, 201–210.
[6] Pradeepkumar, T., Bonny, B. P., Midhila, R., John, J., Divya, M. R., & Roch, C. V. (2017). Effect of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on the yield of selected tropical vegetables. Scientia Horticulturae, 224(June), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.04.022.
[7] Maruli, Ernita, & Gultom, H. (2012). Pengaruh pemberian NPK grower dan kompos terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman cabe rawit ( Capsicum frutescent L ). Effect of NPK Grower and Compost Application on Growth and Production of Chili (Capsicum frutescent L). Dinamika Pertanian, XXVII(3), 149–156.
[8] Mostafazadeh-Fard, S., Samani, Z., & Bandini, P. (2019). Production of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Through Anaerobic Digestion of Grass Clippings. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 10(4), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0095-7.
[9] Siburian, I. S., Suntari, R., & Prijono, S. (2017). Pengaruh Aplikasi Urea dan Pupuk Organik Cair (Urin Sapi dan Teh Kompos Sampah) terhadap Serapan N Serta Produksi Sawi pada Entisol. (JTSL) Jurnal Tanah Dan Sumberdaya Lahan, 3(1), 303–310. https://jtsl.ub.ac.id/index.php/jtsl/article/view/142.
[10] Yadav, J., & Gupta, R. K. (2017). Dynamics of nutrient profile during vermicomposting. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 23(1), 515–520.
[11] Zayed, M. S., Hassanein, M. K. K., Esa, N. H., & Abdallah, M. M. F. (2013). Productivity of pepper crop (Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by organic fertilizer, soil solarization, and endomycorrhizae. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 58(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2013.07.011.
[12] Parton, W., Silver, W. L., Burke, I. C., Grassens, L., Harmon, M. E., Currie, W. S., King, J. Y., Adair, E. C., Brandt, L. A., Hart, S. C., & Fasth, B. (2007). Global-scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition. Science, 315(5810), 361–364.
[13] Chatterjee, D., Dutta, S. K., Kikon, Z. J., Kuotsu, R., Sarkar, D., Satapathy, B. S., & Deka, B. C. (2021). Recycling of agricultural wastes to vermicomposts: Characterization and application for clean and quality production of green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Cleaner Production, 315(June), 128115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128115.
[14] Palada, M. C., Davis, A. M., Crossman, S. M. A., Robles, C., & Chichester, E. A. (2004). Sustainable crop management practices for improving production of culinary herbs in the Virgin Islands. Acta Horticulturae, 629, 289–298. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.37.
[15] Khalid, K. A., & A.M., S. (2005). Productivity of Dill (Anethum Graveolens L.) As Influenced By Different Organic Manure Rates and Sources. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13(3), 901–913. https://doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2005.15330.
[16] Mirza, H., U, A. K., M, R. N., & N, A. (2010). Plant growth characters and productivity of wetland rice ( Oryza sativa L .) as affected by application of different manures L .) Evidences from different AEZ of the country have shown a decrease in the. Emir. Journal Food Agricultural, 22(1), 46–58.
[17] Duman, İ., Aksoy, U., Altındişli, A., & Elmacı, L. (2018). A long-term trial to determine variations in the yield and quality of a processing type pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Yalova yağlık-28) in organic and conventional farming systems. Organic Agriculture, 8(1), 69–77.
[18] Reddy, G. C., Venkatachalapathi, V., Reddy, G. P. D., & Hebbar, S. S. (2017). Study of different organic manure combination on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum Annum L.). Plant Archives, 17(1), 472–474.
[19] Eo, J., & Park, K. C. (2016). Long-term effects of imbalanced fertilization on the composition and diversity of soil bacterial community. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 231, 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.039.
[20] International Biochar Initiative. (2012). What is Biochar? www.biochar-international. Org.
[21] Atkinson, C. J., Fitzgerald, J. D., & Hipps, N. A. (2010). Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: A review. Plant and Soil, 337(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0464-5.
[22] Situmeang, Y. P., Sudita, I. D. N., & Suarta, M. (2019). Manure utilization from cows, goats, and chickens as compost, biochar, and poschar in increasing the red chili yield. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 9(6), 2088–2095. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.9.6.10345.
[23] Bicikliski, O., Trajkova, F., & Mihajlov, L. (2018). Morphological Characteristics of Some Pepper Genotypes (Capsicum annum L.) Grown in Conventional and Organic Agricultural Systems: Comparative Analysis. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 28(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2018/43308.
[24] Nair, K. P. (2019). Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management. Intelligent Soil Management for Sustainable Agriculture, 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15530-8_17.
[25] Agegnehu, G., & Amede, T. (2017). Integrated Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrient Management in Tropical Agro-Ecosystems: A Review. Pedosphere, 27(4), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60382-5.
[26] Ganeshamurthy, A. N., Kalaivanan, D., and, G. S. & Panneerselvam, P. (2015). Nutrient Management in Horticultural Crops. Indian Journal of Fertilisers, 11(12), 30–42.
[27] Yousaf, M., Li, J., Lu, J., Ren, T., Cong, R., Fahad, S., & Li, X. (2017). Effects of fertilization on crop production and nutrient-supplying capacity under rice-oilseed rape rotation system. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01412-0.
[28] Lehmann, J., Silva Jr, J. P., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W., & Glaser, B. (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol. Plant and Soil, 249, 343–357.
[29] Janaki, D. (2018). Effect of organic source of fertilizers along with inorganic on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cv. PKM 1. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 13(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.15740/has/tajh/13.1/28-31.
[30] Anugrah, R. D., Rafvenia, Meitiyani, & Safahi, L. (2021). The effect of eggshell organic fertilizer on vegetative growth of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 755(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/755/1/012001.
[31] El Kinany, S., Achbani, E., Faggroud, M., Ouahmane, L., El Hilali, R., Haggoud, A., & Bouamri, R. (2019). Effect of organic fertilizer and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of micropropagated date palm cv. Feggouss. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18(4), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.01.004.
[32] Rekha, G. S., Kaleena, P. K., Elumalai, D., Srikumaran, M. P., & Maheswari, V. N. (2018). Effects of vermicompost and plant growth enhancers on the exo-morphological features of Capsicum annum (Linn.) Hepper. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 7(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-017-0191-5.
[33] Vlahova, V., Popov, V., Boteva, H., Zlatev, Z., & Cholakov, D. (2014). Influence of biofertilisers on the vegetative growth, mineral content and physiological parameters of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivated under organic agriculture conditions. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus, 13(4), 199–216.
[34] Moneruzzaman Khandaker, M., Rohani, F., Dalorima, T., & Mat, N. (2017). Effects of Different Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Capsicum Annuum L. Var. Kulai (Red Chilli Kulai). Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(1), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2434.
[35] Arthanawa, I. G. N., Astiko, I. N., Yana, D. P. S., Darmawan, I. K., Situmeang, Y. P., & Sudita, I. D. N. (2021). Utilization of Biofloc System Catfish Pond Waste Nutrients in the Cultivation of Kale, Spinach, Pakcoy, and Lettuce Using the Aquaponic System. SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science), 5(1), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.22225/seas.5.1.3304.66-71.
[36] Lodhi, A. S., Kaushal, A., & Singh, K. G. (2014). Impact of irrigation regimes on growth, yield and water use efficiency of sweet pepper. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 7(6), 790–794. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2014/v7i6.2.
[37] Armaini, A., Yuhry, E., & Sahyoga, G. (2007). Aplikasi Berbagai Kosentrasi Pupuk Plant Catalyst 2006 dan Gibberellin pada Tananman Toman. In Jurnal Sagu (Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 15–19).
[38] Kaimuddin, Dermawan, R., Rahman, A. R., Syam’Un, E., Dungga, N. E., Yanti, C. W. B., & Mulawarman, A. (2020). Response of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) to bioslurry fertilization and enrichment of Trichoderma asperellum on planting media. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 486(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/486/1/012115.
[39] Prasetyo, R. (2014). Pemanfaatan Berbagai Sumber Pupuk Kandang sebagai Sumber N dalam Budidaya Cabai Merah (Capsicum annum L.) di Tanah Berpasir. Planta Tropika: Journal of Agro Science, 2(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.18196/pt.2014.032.125-132.
[40] Singh, C. kishor, John, S. A., & Jaiswal, D. (2014). Effect of organics on growth, yield and biochemical parameters of chilli (Capsicum annum L.). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(7), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-07722732.
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